［内容提要］秦代县的长官称“县令”，不仅为传世文献所记载，也为简牍等考古资料所证实。传统说法不宜轻易否定。

［关键词］秦　县令　简牍

Xianling Was Official Title in Qin Time without Question

Abstract: The chief of a county in Qin Time was entitled “xianling”, which was recorded by extant books and was confirmed by bamboo slips and other cultural relics. The traditional viewpoint mustn’t be negated easily.

Key words: Qin Time; xianling; bomboo slips.

据《史记·秦本纪》载，战国时期商鞅变法，于秦孝公十二年（公元前350年）“并诸小乡聚，集为大县，县一令，四十一县”。[1]此后《汉书·百官公卿表》及《续汉书·百官志》均将县令、长的设置称为“秦官”或“秦制”。[2]睡虎地秦简出土以后，我们知道秦县长官又称“啬夫”。[3]尽管如此，“县令”作为秦制仍然为学术界所采信。然而，自从里耶秦简出土以来，“县令”一称是否属于秦制开始受到质疑。里耶秦简整理者指出，据现有的简牍文字，县一级未见有令、长，只有守、丞，“守丞”之“守”也不一定如我们理解的是“试”或“代理”之意。[4]在此基础上，杨宗兵先生否定了秦代县之长官称为“县令、长”这一传统说法，认为“县令、长”之名可能是司马迁、班固根据汉初职官制度情况向前逆推秦代官制而致，秦时县一级