摘 要： 汉武帝开凿昆明池，给西汉首都长安城郊的自然环境尤其是水文环境带来了深远影响：首先是昆明池以面积300余顷的人工湖面为主景，改善了自身及周边的生态环境；其次为保障昆明池安全蓄水，对其上游的氵高诸水进行了大规模的人工整理，使它们改道西流入沣，形成了新的河流——交水，改变了长安城南郊的水环境；第三为供应汉长安城内外各宫殿园林区的用水，昆明池下游开凿了三条人工水渠通过氵穴水及其支渠向长安供水。
关键词： 汉昆明池； 长安城郊； 水环境； 交水
Abstract: The Kunming Pond, which was dug by Emperor of Wu in the Han Dynasty, brought about profound effects on the physical environment, especially the hydrographic environment, around the town of Chang'an. First of all, with an area of more than three hundred qing, the Kunming Pond as an artificial lake improved the ecological surroundings of the lake itself and areas around it. Next, To guarantee a secure water supply for the pond, the upper reaches, including the Jue River and the Hao River, were reconstructed artificially in large scale, making them change the course westwards into the Feng River, shaping the Jiao, a new river, which bettered the hydrographic environment in southern Chang'an. Finally, three ditches were dug in the lower reaches of the pond to supply water for palaces and gardens inside and outside Chang'an by way of the Xue River.
Key Words: the Kunming Pond in the Han Dynasty; suburban areas of the town of Chang'an; hydrographic environment; the Jiao River
为保证西汉都城长安的城郊用水，汉武帝开凿昆明池，建成了以昆明池为中心的包括蓄、引、排相结合的供水、园林、城壕防护与航运等多种功能的综合性水利系统。这种人工河湖水系的建造不可避免地对都城长安城郊的自然环境尤其是水文环境产生了重大影响。
一、 汉武帝兴修昆明池及其人工环境
昆明池创建于西汉武帝元狩三年（前120），这在历史文献中有明确记载。《汉书•武帝纪》说，元狩三年，“发谪吏穿昆明池”。《汉书•五行志》：“元狩三年夏，大旱。是岁，发天下故吏伐棘上林，穿昆明池。”
昆明池不是一次挖掘完成的，从文献上来分析，在汉武帝元鼎元年（前114）可能有第二次的扩修活动。《史记》载：“初，大农盐铁官布多，置水衡，欲以主盐铁。及杨可告缗钱，上林财物众，乃令水衡主上林。上林既充满，益广。是时越欲与汉用船战逐，乃大修昆明池，列观环之。治楼船，高十余丈，旗帜加其上，甚壮。于是天子感之，乃作柏梁台，高数十丈。宫室之修，由此日丽。”［1］卷30《平准书第八》《索隐》曰：“盖始穿昆明池，欲与滇王战，今乃更大修之，将与南越
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