d securing fuel and water. Women managed an array of tasks，and some housewives independently traded garden products，milk，and eggs. One New England husband，referring to his wife’s domestic management，said: “I meddle neither with the geese nor turkeys，for they are hers for she hath been and is a good wife to me.” Indeed，women traders helped to create and sustain many of the bonds of New England communities.

 

丈夫和妻子共同操持家庭农业[注: 农业为通过培育动植物生产食品及工业原料的产业。农业的劳动对象是有生命的动植物,获得的产品是动植物本身．我们把利用动物植物等生物的生长发育规律，]经济。男人总体上负责田间劳作，妇女管理家务，包括看管菜园（只供家用的作物）、制奶房和禽舍，确保燃料和水。妇女负责一连串的工作，一些家庭主妇独立交易菜园农产品、奶制品和蛋类。一位新英格兰丈夫谈到妻子对家务的管理时说：“我根本不插手鹅或火鸡的事，因为它们属于她，而她一直是、现在还是我的好老婆”。确实，女商人为创建和[注: 建和在历史上被用作几个政权的年号。]保持新英格兰社会的多重纽带发挥了作用。

 

Nevertheless，the cultural ideal of the day was the subordination of women to men. “I am but a wif

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