尽管诸如已婚妇女财产法案等，使妇女解放有所进展, 但反映男人主宰社会共识的19世纪州法律，把妇女在公众生活、在私人家庭世界和家庭关系中置于低人一等的地位。总体上讲, 妇女被排除在选举、担任官职和司法行业之外;被剥夺了男人享有的受教育权和从事[注: 中央或地方长官自己任用的僚属，又称“从事员”。《赤壁之战》：“晶其名位，犹不失下曹从事。”-congshi]专业的权利;在婚姻关系中，以数不胜数的方式把妇女定义为处于从属地位的伙伴。曾一时激起女权主义者在法律和政治[注: 上层建筑领域中各种权力主体维护自身利益的特定行为以及由此结成的特定关系。它是人类历史发展到一定时期产生的一种重要社会现象。]平等方面取得进展希望的第十四条修正案，它也未能改变这种模式的歧视。重建时期两个著名的宪法案子，更清楚地[注: 语出:《战国策·楚策一》：“ 楚 地西有 黔中 巫郡 ，东有 夏州 海阳 ，南有 洞庭 苍梧 ，北有 汾 陘 之塞 郇 阳 ，地方五千里。]反映了这一现实。

In Bradwell v. Illinois (1873) Supreme Court rejected the claim of a Chicago woman that the right to practice law was an attribute of U.S citizenship protected by the privileges-and immunities-clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The states, declared the Court, could regulate admission to the bar as they saw fit. In an equally important holding the Supreme Court declared, in Minor v. Happersett (1875), that states could restrict suffrage to men, the right to vote not having been conferred on women by the Fourteenth Amendment. Although the Nineteenth Amendment at length guaranteed women the right not to be discriminated against in voting on account of sex and although states graduall

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