|
n, The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Action, 1780-1850 (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1964); Mark Harrison, Climates and Constitutions: Health, Race, Medicine and British Imperialism in India,1600-1850 (New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999).
[3] 關於疾病生態史與生物史的介紹，可參見Kenneth F. Kiple, “The Ecology of Disease” in W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (eds.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine (London: Routledge, 1993), pp.357-381.
[4] William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples（Oxford, 1977）；Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consquence of 1492 (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1972); idem, Ecological Imperialism: the Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1986).
[5] Noble David Cook, Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492-1650 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998), pp.4-5.
[6] 對於此一學說深入淺出的陳述可參見戴蒙（Jared Diamond），《槍砲、病菌與鋼鐵：人類社會的命運》（時報出版社）。
[7]史學界最近對於戴蒙、麥尼耳和克羅斯比的「槍砲與病菌理論」的批評性檢討，可見諸於George Raudzens (ed.), Technology, Disease and Colonial Conquests, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries: Essays Reappraising the Guns and Germs Theories (Leiden: Brill, 2001).
[8]最近有醫學學者使用遺傳學、人口學、流行病學與電腦模擬的研究方法，對歐洲中世紀的黑死病提出新的解釋，他們認為過去認為黑死病就是鼠疫的說法是錯誤的，其實黑死病是由一種類似依波拉病毒的濾過性病毒所引起的。參見&n上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] 下一页 |
|
