摘要:感召和气,以致丰穰是朱熹荒政思想的重要组成部分。他的禳弭救荒思想主要包括三方面的内容:对风雷云雨等自然现象的认识;祭祀鬼神与祈祷救荒;畏天敬诚弭灾与正君心、改革弊政;另外本文亦对被学界忽略的朱熹未雨绸缪、贫富相恤的救荒思想和因势利导的治河思想作了补充论述。
关键词:朱熹 ; 禳弭 ; 和气 ; 畏天 ; 救荒
Exposition and Comment on Zhu Xi's Thought of Averting Disasters by Prayers and Helping to Tide over a Crop Failure
Abstract: The thought of praying harmony with nature for bumper harvests is the very important part of Zhu Xi's thought.His thought of averting disasters by prayers and helping to tide over a crop failure mainly includes three parts:Zhu Xi's understanding of natural phenomena such as wind,thunder,cloud and rain;offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods and praying to tide over a crop failure;holding Heaven in awe ,correcting the mind of a man of virtue and reforming malpractice.In addition,the paper makes a supplementary exposition of Zhu Xi's thought which are neglected by the academic circles of taking precautions and the rich and the poor sympathizing each other and,of making the best use of the situation and regulating rivers and watercourses.
Key words: Zhu Xi ; averting disasters by prayers ; harmony with nature;
holding Heaven in awe ; helping to tide over a crop failure
中国历史上的荒政思想极为丰富,早在周代就已有较细致的记载。《周礼》卷十《大司徒》云:"以荒政十有二,聚万民。一曰散利,二曰薄征,三曰缓刑,四曰弛力,五曰舍禁,六曰去几,七曰眚礼,八月杀哀,九曰蕃乐,十曰多昏,十一曰索鬼神,十二曰除盗贼。"其后,历代荒政思想不断完善。大约从宋代开始,凝结着仁人志士救荒、救灾等思想的专门文献层出不穷,至清末约计有百余种之多。(1)1
朱熹是中国历史上的伟大思想家,他的荒政思想是中国古代荒政思想的重要组成部分,因而受到学者们的关注。目前对朱熹荒政思想的研究已在两个方面取得相当的进展,一是有关朱熹竭力推行的社仓思想。(2)2二是有关朱熹以安民、恤民为主旨的救荒思想。(3)3但这两方面还不是朱熹荒政思想的全部。朱熹就曾对他的弟子说过这样的话:"而今救荒甚可笑。自古救荒只是两说:第一感召和气,以致丰穰,其次只有储蓄之计。若待他饥时理会,更有何策?"[1](P2643)由朱熹的这段话可知,以往的研究只注意到朱熹荒政思想中以预防为主(即储蓄之计)的思想,而忽略了感召和气以致丰穰的思想。本文即拟在这方面作一些探讨,以作为学界对朱熹荒政思想已有研究的补充。
一
朱熹所谓感召和气,以致丰穰,是自古以来救荒之一说,其源渊至迟可以上溯到商周时代。在那时,先民们相信在自然界中
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