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清朝前期观象台天文仪器的欧洲化 |
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时间：2009-7-24 13:44:46 来源：不详
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提 要 1669-1674年，耶稣会士南怀仁为北京观象台设计制造了六架欧洲式天文仪器，使中国天文仪器的精度达到了空前的水平。1713-1715年，纪理安为观象台添造了一架欧洲风格的地平经纬仪。1745-1754年，戴进贤、刘松龄和他们的中国合作者制造了一架玑衡抚辰仪。它遵循中国浑仪的结构旧制，采用了南怀仁用过的刻度制、零件结构和制造技术，本质上属于复古的设计。
关键词 天文仪器 欧洲化 清朝观象台
Abstract
In 1669, the Belgian missionary Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688) was in charge of guiding the design and manufacture of an ecliptic armillary sphere, an equatorial armillary sphere, an azimuthal instrument, a quadrant, a sextant, a stellar globe, which superseded such Chinese-styled instruments as the armillary sphere and the simplified instrument in the Observatory of Peking in 1674. He published 16-volumed Xinzhi Lingtai Yixiang Zhi in 1674, which specialized in explaination of the design, manufacturing, installment and usage of his instruments. Verbiest’s work enabled the precision of China’s instruments to come up to an unprecedented standard. It was obvious that Verbiest consulted Tycho’s design in the book Astronomie Instauratae Mechania (1598), and absorbed the traditional Chinese plastic arts.
In 1715, Bernard-Kilian Stumpf (1655-1720) equipped the Observatory with an azimuthal-quadrant again. According to the Qianlong Emperor’s desire, Ignatius Koegler (1680-1746), Augustein de Hallerstein (1703-1774) and their Chinese co-workers made an equatorial armillary sphere for the Observatory from 1745 to 1754. The instrument followed the system of the traditional Chinese armillary sphere, and adopted 360°sexagesimal, precise graduation, screws, spare parts and manufacturing technology, which were used by Verbiest. Essentially, it restored ancient ways.
Key words astronomical instruments, Europeanization, the Observatory of Peking during the Qing dynasty
中外学者曾对明末和清朝前期传入中国的天文仪器技术做了很有价值的研究，但仍留下了不少有待澄清的问题。本文试图系统地描述清朝前期观象台的天文仪器的欧洲化过程，以及其中的某些特点。
明末，利玛窦(Ma[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] ... 下一页 >> |
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