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宋代粮商的粮食投机 |
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时间：2009-7-24 13:52:14 来源：不详
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【英文标题】Grain Merchant’s Speculation in the Song Dynasty
【内容提要】宋代商人在发挥调剂余缺功能的同时，还存在严重的投机行为。宋代粮商的投机行为，多见于三个领域：一是向官府贩粜军需粮草过程中，利用各种非法手段，诈取官府钱物；二是在城市粮食贸易中投机取巧，从城市居民和城郊农民身上攫取暴利；三是乡村中的地主家庭，趁粮食短缺之机，残酷地压榨农民。这些投机活动，既暴露了宋代粮商惟利是图、为富不仁的丑恶嘴脸，也从一个侧面反映出古代商人的投机性。
【英文摘要】The merchants seized every chance to gain advantage bytrickery,as well as functioned as the regulator of marketsupplies in the Song Dynasty. Grain merchants speculatedmainly in three ways. The first was getting money by fraud inthe process of selling army provisions to the government. Thesecond was taking advantage from the citizens and peasantsliving in the outskirts. The third was that the landlordsexploited peasants by taking advantage of grain shortage. Allthese activities exposed the grain merchants’ natuve ofprofits before-everything and being-wealthy- but- unmerciful,and showed the anicent merchants’characteristic of speculation.
【关 键 词】宋代/粮商/粮食投机
Song Dynasty/merchant grain/grain speculation
宋代商品经济固然获得前所未有的发展，但毕竟处于中国封建社会的中期。在商品交换和流通领域，不等价交换极为普遍，奸商贪贾到处都有。与其他各种商贾相比，宋代粮商的投机性最厉害。南宋李之彦在《东谷所见》一书“谋利”条中讲：
最是不仁之甚者，粜籴一节。聚钱运本，乘粒米狼戾之时，贱价以籴。翘首企足，俟青黄不接之时，贵价以粜。其籴也，多方折挫以取赢；其粜也，杂糠秕而亏斗斛。天生百谷，以存活一世，而谋利之徒，不欲其丰而幸其歉，不喜其饱而愿其饥。
李之彦将他们称为“最是不仁之甚者”；有的官员将其特别恶劣者定为“不义户”（注：真德秀：《西山先生真文忠公文集》，《谯殿撰墓志铭》。），都[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] 下一页 |
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