。]。克洛维
[注: 克洛维 克洛维(Clovis 法语:Clovis I,465或466——511)法兰克王国创立者。中世纪早期曾统治西欧大片领土。]对基督教的皈依以及后来法兰克与教皇的联盟,把日耳曼诸部落中的最大能量与现存的西欧文明最强大势力教会统一起来。一个新欧洲的基础由查理曼建立起来,但是他的帝国过于依赖其建立者的强力个性,所以灭亡在他的几个继任者手中。
After the Carolingian collapse, feudal systems of organization evolved to meet the turbulent conditions of the time. Manorialism became the economic system through which most of the population provided for its needs. Self-sufficiency and economic isolation provided the most secure means of survival. But the expansion of trade and commerce and the revival of urban life altered the traditional isolation of the manor and helped bring about economic expansion.
加洛林王朝[注: 加洛林王朝公元752年矮子丕平废黜克洛维王朝的末代国王契尔德立克三世,由美茵茨总主教圣-伯尼法斯加冕,加洛林王朝开端 矮子丕平:公元752年-768年间在位(公元754年由教皇斯特凡二世再次加冕);卡]衰落后,封建的组织制度继续进化,以适应当时动荡的局势。彩邑制成为所有人口为它提供需求的经济制度。自给自足和经济孤立提供了最保险的生存手段。但是贸易和商业的扩展,以及城市生活的复兴,改变了庄园传统上的孤立并有助于引起经济的扩展。
The High Middle Ages (1000-1300) and later Middle Ages (1300-1500)witnessed significant change and political development in all the states of Europe. In England, William the Conqueror secured a unified kingdom in 1
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