摘要

　　18世紀中國商品生産技術及生産量方面，仍受西方國家的歡迎，因而有大量白銀流入中國。到了19世紀前期，形勢已大不如前，歐洲各國在這一百年的時間，經過了工業革命，生産技術特飛猛進，而中國則相對落後。於是西方商品漸打入中國市場，同時又因國力日弱，無法阻止鴉片輸入而導致白銀外流，沖擊了中國的貨幣制度。
　　包世臣生於這時代的巨變，而且他長時間擔任地方官員幕僚，他的經驗對於社會經濟有實際的了解。特別是在貨幣方面，據他獨到的觀察，針對時弊，提出深刻的見解。

　     關鍵詞：清代中葉、包世臣、貨幣、行鈔

Abstract

　　During 18-century, China were still enjoyed her sovereignty over several vassal states in the eastern hemisphere.  Chinese products were still welcome in the western world and there was an influx of silver launch into China.  Beside, after the industrial Revolution, European countries had made great improvements in production techniques leading China as a far distinct during 19- century.  This inflow of western commodities, particularly that of opium, was accompanied by an outflow of silver.
　　Pao Shil-ch’en was living in this era of drastic change.  In most of his lifetime, he work for local officials as a private secretary, such working experience enable him to have a better understanding of the social and economic problems and he give a lot of advised, especially is his monetary thought.

　　Key Words: Middle Qing, Pao Shil-ch’en, Monetary, bank note

前言

　　1750至1850，這大約一百多年的時間，也就是中國清朝自乾隆(1736-1795)中、後期經過嘉慶(1795-1820)、道光(1821-1850)直到咸豐(1851-1861)初年，這一個時期，中國無論在政治、社會經濟、國際地位等方，都相當大的變化。
該時期是清朝由盛轉衰的轉捩點，國力由强轉弱，吏治由清明轉為腐敗，經濟則由繁榮轉入衰退，人口的空前膨脹，[1]社會民生衰敝之象日趨嚴重。再加上歐洲國家的商品傾銷中國，白銀大量外流，遂爆發太平天國之亂。[2]
　　包世臣(1775-1855)，剛生于這一時代。他天資聰敏，感受力强，對社會民生問題，比一般人瞭解深切。且他大部份時間都沒有當官，以布衣身分，觀察、評論政事，尤見客觀獨到。[3]所以，他頗能道出中國社會在這一個關鍵時期所遭遇的問題。[4]我們透過研究包氏

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]  ... 下一页  >>