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唐宋时期从“村坊制”到“城乡交相生养” |
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时间:2009-7-24 13:52:15 来源:不详
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p;of currency by the State finance, along with which the Government gradually liberalized its commercial policy. Consequently, the develop- ment of towns was promoted, marking the formation of "towns" and "countryside" in the real sense. But this trend also revealed the enlarging gap between the towns and the countryside. It was later reflected in the "rural-urban integration" of the Song Dynasty.
Key words: the period of the Tang and Song Dynasties; village families; town families; the rural-urban integration 城市与农村的出现是个历史过程。唐宋时期的一些新现象,如“村坊制”的推行, “乡村户”与“坊郭户”的出现,“城市与乡村交相生养说”的产生等,都有理由使我们去关注这段被称为“社会转型期”的历史。其实这三个较为典型的历史新现象,就是我们认识唐宋时期城乡变化的重要线索。 一、村坊制因缘考略 唐代最早推行“村坊制”为高祖武德七年(624年),《旧唐书》卷48《食货上》载: 武德七年始定律令:(先是颁布均田令和租庸调制、接着)凡天下人户,量其资产定为九等,每三年县司注定,州司覆之。百户为里,五里为为乡;四家为邻,五家为保;在邑居者为坊,在田野居者为村;村坊邻里,递相督察。士农工商四人各业。食禄之家,不得与下人争利,工商杂类不得预于士伍。 首先我们必须明确,武德七年的律令是一个完整的体系,上述引文的目的,就是案检户口,限制人口流动,保证均田令和租庸调制的顺利实行。联系隋开皇初的政策:先整顿乡里制和颁布均田令(开皇元年仁581]),接着又推行团貌和输籍定样的辅助政策(开皇三年[583])[1](卷24“食货志”),几乎和武德律令一样的事实,不难断定:“村坊制”的动机和“团貌”一样,与案比和稳定户口有关。隋初的“团貌”是“随便近,五党、三党共为一团”,武德七年令是“在邑居者为坊,在田野居者为村”。它们虽然形式不同,但以“本土断之”的原则却相同.宋代名臣陈靖对唐代“村坊制”有评论道:“陈亡隋乱,纪紊纲顿。洎乎李唐,大革斯弊。……据令村坊,加之保伍,随其土断,不问侨居,应是浮浪之图,悉归版籍。然后按其人数,授以土田。四家为上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] 下一页 |
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